![\"\"](\"http:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/spectrum1.bmp\" "\\"spectrum\\"")
<\/a><\/p>\nIt is based on a spectrum developed by the IAP2<\/a>, but I have pasted this version from a new report entitled Planning for Stronger Local Democracy: A Field Guide for Local Officials<\/a>. Written by Matt Leighninger, the Executive Director of the Deliberative Democracy Consortium,\u00a0 and Bonnie Mann, Project Manager at the National League of Cities, this report is a practical guide for public officials who recognize a “\u2018Catch-22\u2019 dilemma: public trust in government has declined steadily, while the active support and engagement of citizens has become increasingly critical for solving public problems.” The local officials who figure as positive examples in the report have figured out how to engage the public in governance–to mutual benefit.<\/p>\n The first part of the report is organized around a series of major questions, each accompanied by additional specific questions, examples of success, and other advice. Some of the major questions are nitty-gritty, such as “What are the legal mandates and restrictions on how you interact with the public?” Other questions indicate that formal structures and processes are not the only factors that matter; local officials ought to be concerned about civil society as a whole. For example: “How well are neighborhood associations and other grassroots groups serving their neighborhoods?” Still other questions raise essential issues of diversity and inclusion. For example: “In what ways are recent immigrants and other newcomers connected, or disconnected, from the rest of the community?”<\/p>\n The second part of the report is a guide for “Developing Shared Civic Infrastructure.” The practical outcomes could range from using social media more effectively to changing laws or even building physical spaces where people can meet.<\/p>\n