{"id":17275,"date":"2016-08-24T14:49:39","date_gmt":"2016-08-24T18:49:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/?p=17275"},"modified":"2016-08-24T18:09:37","modified_gmt":"2016-08-24T22:09:37","slug":"the-nordic-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/?p=17275","title":{"rendered":"the Nordic model"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We are just back from a vacation in parts of Iceland, Denmark, and Sweden. Although I&#8217;ve been in the region before, I am very far from expert on Nordic politics and economics.\u00a0But it&#8217;s worth understanding the Nordic model&#8211;even if it looks a little rickety today and may\u00a0depend on factors that couldn&#8217;t\u00a0transfer to the US&#8211;because basic measures of human well-being are extraordinarily high in the five Scandinavian nations. For instance, <a href=\"http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/NOR\">Norway <\/a>has the highest human development level in the world. I think the Nordic model\u00a0represents a fusion of two contrasting impulses, a\u00a0combination that is perhaps obscured in talk about social democracy or democratic socialism.<\/p>\n<p>The (conservative) Heritage Foundation&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/index\/\">Index of Economic Freedom<\/a> makes the point. From Heritage&#8217;s perspective, Denmark is an odd mix, although its overall rank is high. Heritage considers\u00a0Denmark very bad at\u00a0&#8220;limited government,&#8221; because one aspect of the Nordic model is high taxation and spending. On the other hand, Heritage ranks Denmark very high on\u00a0measures like business freedom, investment freedom, and property rights (as well as freedom from corruption, which everyone values).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/index\/embed\/country\/denmark\/2016\" width=\"560\" height=\"291\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>I think the Nordic model boils down to competitive\u00a0entrepreneurship in the global marketplace plus\u00a0strongly egalitarian social policies for everyone in the home country. Scandinavians are out and about, learning foreign languages (95% of Swedes speak English), and studying and working overseas. Goods\u00a0as well as human beings flow across their borders.\u00a0Denmark&#8217;s international trade is <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/international-trade\/\">102% of GDP<\/a>. I&#8217;m not certain how that number\u00a0can be greater than 100%, but the ratio\u00a0is obviously much higher there than in the US, where trade is 27% of GDP. You see imports everywhere in Scandinavian stores, as well as\u00a0export-oriented businesses.<\/p>\n<p>Competitiveness brings material benefits: high-quality goods and services selected from around the world. It provides opportunities for ambitious and talented people to create\u00a0new things. An <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalinnovationindex.org\/analysis-indicator\">index of innovation<\/a> ranks Sweden first\u00a0in the world, and Finland and Denmark are also in the top 10. Competition also identifies and rewards\u00a0excellence. The result is a lively, flexible, future-oriented society. Scandinavians are proud of their nations&#8217; marquee industries and are notably patriotic without being bellicose.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, competitiveness hurts people&#8211;the people who cannot or don&#8217;t happen to win, who were doing fine before all the market &#8220;disruptions,&#8221; who value traditions, or who don&#8217;t even want to fight for success in market economies. Competition can also erode civic virtues and responsibilities, including concern for public institutions and shared resources.<\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s why the other side of the Nordic model is so important. At home, everyone\u00a0has very extensive and unconditional economic rights, which cost a lot of money. The public sector\u00a0budget is 55% of GDP in Denmark. The state also demands people&#8217;s time and attention.\u00a0Sweden, Denmark,\u00a0Iceland, and Denmark all <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2016\/08\/02\/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries\/\">rank<\/a> in the top seven for\u00a0voter turnout, they have among the highest rates of associational membership in the world, and their governments\u00a0are rated as the least corrupt.<\/p>\n<p>All of this is hard to build and maintain, and I have not mentioned\u00a0the drawbacks and frailties of the model. My point is really an ideological one. There are genuine virtues to systems that we might call &#8220;neoliberal,&#8221; systems\u00a0that involve property rights, competition, and globalization. Strongly democratic societies\u00a0that protect everyone&#8217;s welfare also have virtues. And although these goals can\u00a0trade off in some respects, it&#8217;s possible to pick elements from the neoliberal menu and others\u00a0from the\u00a0socialist menu without contradiction.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We are just back from a vacation in parts of Iceland, Denmark, and Sweden. Although I&#8217;ve been in the region before, I am very far from expert on Nordic politics and economics.\u00a0But it&#8217;s worth understanding the Nordic model&#8211;even if it looks a little rickety today and may\u00a0depend on factors that couldn&#8217;t\u00a0transfer to the US&#8211;because basic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17275"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17275\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17295,"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17275\/revisions\/17295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peterlevine.ws\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}